Capítulo 1. El valor estratégico de la innovación

Pages15-29
AuthorJosé María Mendoza Guerra
15
Capítulo 1
el valor estratÉgico de
la innovaciÓn
Desde el punto de vista del enfoque estratégico, la dinámica de la Ad-
ministración como disciplina de conocimiento y acción se puede apre-
ciar mediante la emergencia de tres fases: la primera es la de iniciación
del capitalismo, donde se or ientó el trabajo hacia la reducción de los
costos, con un esfuerzo concentrado en el uso de la mano de obra y la
elevación de la productividad, es decir, en esta época, el enfoque f ue
de e! ciencia, así que para tomar decisiones el criterio impor tante era
el costo, por ello la escuela clásica y la humanista, como emergencias
destacadas en la disciplina, se dedicaron a trabajar el tema de la pro-
ductividad: una, la clásica partió del punto de vista de los sistemas y
procesos, y la otra, del lado humano.
Posteriormente, con la contribución de Drucker (1972) se pasó a mirar
los resultados, lo cual implicaba tomar en cuenta no solo los costos,
sino otras variables, especialmente las ventas y la rentabilidad. Fue la
época en la cual se hizo famosa la administración por objetivos (Mali,
1978; McConkey, 1985). Luego, en un contexto altamente competiti-
vo, la mirada se dirige a la creación de valor (Porter 1980; 1985), por
ello se hace presión sobre la calidad (Deming, 1989; Juran, 1990a), el
servicio (Carlzon, 1991; Albrecht, 1990) y la innovación (Drucker,
1985; Hamel, 2000). De hecho, el mundo actual se encuentra en una
economía basada en el valor, por oposición a las épocas anteriores, en

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