Democracia representativa y participación ciudadana en Venezuela (1958-2015)
| Date | 01 January 2017 |
| Author |
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199702ZU31
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Democracia representativa y participación
ciudadana en Venezuela (1958-2015)
Representative democracy and citizen participation in
Venezuela (1958-2015)
Marysergia P eña Guerra
Resumen
El estudio tiene co mo objetivo comparar los mecanismos de participación
ciudadana de jure y de facto en Venezuela, entre los periodos: 1958-1998 y 1999-
2015. El artículo se estructura en tres partes, en la primera se analiza el periodo
1958-1998 donde se reinstaura el proceso democrático electoral, para ello se
presentan los principales elementos contemplados en la constitución de 1947 y
1961, así como el surgimiento d e instrumentos legales y reformas institucionales a
partir de 1988, que reconfiguran el esquema federal en el sentido de Wheare (2008)
y Oates (1977), potenciando la participación ciudadana y representatividad a nivel
de estado y municipio, a través de un proceso de descentralización administrativa y
política. En la segunda sección, se considera el periodo 1999 -2015, que inicia con la
promulgación de la Constitución nacional vigente y otros instrumentos legislativos,
los cuales buscan incorporar nuevos mecanismos de participación, distintos
al canal representativo ejercido por los ciudadano s vía electoral. La investigación es
de tipo cualitativa y se emplea como técnica el análisi s de contenido.En este
artículo se afirma que la concepción de Estado Fed eral ha estado presente en los
textos constitucionales de 1947 , 1961 y 1999, no ob stante, en la prác tica se ha
evidenciado un régimen centralizado, donde la participación ciudadana fue
coaptada por los partidos y un poder popular que carece de autonomía política,
donde legalmente privilegian una participación ciudadana no autóno ma que sirve
como proceso centralizador. Finalmente, se evidencia, que el instrumento que hace
Esta Investigación representa un avance de la tesis doctoral de la autora. Proyecto financiado por el
Consejo de Desarrollo Científico, Humanístico, Tecnológico y de las Artes (CDCHTA) de la Universidad de
los Andes bajo el código E-370-15-09-C
Profesora Agregada adscrita al Departamento de Economía de la Universidad de los Andes-Mérida.
Estudiante del Doctorado en Estudios Políticos ULA-Venezuela, Magíster en Economía (ULA). Especialista
en Ciencias Contables, mención T ributos. Economista. Licenciada en Contaduría Pública. Mérida,
Venezuela. Correo electrónico: marysergia@gmail.com.
Democracia representativa y par ticipación ciudadana en Venezuela (1958-2015).
4
más efectiva la participación es la descentralización, ya que potencia el d esarrollo
de gobiernos locales cuyo rango de acción se encuentra más cercano a los intereses
y requerimientos de los ciudadanos.
Palabras clave: Go bierno representativo, participación ciudadana, federalis mo,
centralización, descentralización.
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septiembre 2016
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Abstract
The aim of the study is co mpare the citizen participation mechanisms, jure
and facto, in Venezuela, in the periods: 1958-1998 and 1999-2015. The article is
divided into three parts, first, analyze the period 1958-1998 where the electoral
democratic process it’s returned, so we presented the pr incipal elements of the
constitutions: 1947 y 1961, as well as the emergence of legal instruments and
institutional reforms from 1988 to rewire the federal scheme in the Wheare (2008)
and Oates (1977) sense, promoting citizen participation and representation at the
state and municipality, through a process of administrative and political
decentralization. In the second section, it is considered the period 1999-2015, which
begins with the enactment of the current national constitution and other legislation,
which looking for incorporate new mechanisms of participation, other than the
representative channel exercised by citizens via election. The research is qualitative
type and is used as content analysis technique.This article states that the co ncept of
Federal State has been present in the constitutions of 1947, 1961 and 1999,
however, the practice has s hown a centralized system where citizen par ticipation
was co-opted by the parties and popular power lacking political autonomy, where a
non-autonomous legally privileged citizen participation that serves as a centralized
process. Finally, it is evident that the most effective instrument t hat participation is
decentralization, since it promotes the development of local governments whose
range of action is closer to the interests and needs of citizens.
Keywords: representative government, citizen participation, federalism,
centralization, decentralization.
Introducción
Desde finales del siglo XX, en Venezuela se ha evidenciado un progresivo
agotamiento de la visión socialmente consensuada de modelos democráticos,
sustentados únicamente en el ejercicio de gobiernos representativos (Mainwaring,
2006; Ramos 200 8). Por ello, ha sido necesaria la articulación entre la
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