El Discurso Penitenciario en Venezuela. Una reflexión teórica

AuthorMaría Añez
PositionInstituto de Criminología Universidad del Zulia
Pages19-39
FRONESIS
Revista de Filosofía Jurídica, Social y Política
Instituto de Filosofía del Derecho Dr. J.M. Delgado Ocando
Universidad del Zulia.ISSN 1315-6268 - Dep. legal pp 199402ZU33
Vol. 22, No. 1, 2015: 19 - 39
El Discurso Penitenciario en Venezuela.
Una reflexión teórica
María Alejandra Añez Castillo
Instituto de Criminología “Dra. Lolita Aniyar de Castro”
Universidad del Zulia
Maracaibo – Venezuela
Resumen
Este papel de trabajo desarrolla una reflexión teórica acerca del discurso pe-
nitenciario construido desde la ideología de la pena como mecanismo de reinser-
ción, en relación con la innegable crisis penitenciaria que arrastra el país. Emplean-
do como referente teórico los postulados de Ricoeur se hace un desmontaje de las
binas ideológicas inmersas en el discurso penitenciario venezolano interpretando
textos legales, documentos oficiales, información emanada de ONG y medios de co-
municación social. Aunque el lema jurídico y político sigue siendo propugnar la
rehabilitación social de los privados de libertad, las continuas protestas por las con-
diciones carcelarias, aunado a las sucesivas reformas que han recrudecido el sistema
penal, proyectan este ideal en un espacio de la imaginación fuera de lo real.
Palabras clave:Discurso formal, sistema penitenciario, reintegración social, reali-
dad carcelaria.
Recibido: 07-10-2013 ·Aceptado: 27-11-2014
Penitentiary Speech in Venezuela.
A Theoretical Reflection
Abstract
This working paper develops a theoretical reflection about penitentiary
speech based on the ideology of incarceration as a mechanism for rehabilitation
and related to the undeniable penitentiary crisis that has swept the country. Using
Ricoeur’s postulates as a theoretical model, a disassembly is made of the ideological
pairs immersed in Venezuelan penitentiary speech by interpreting legal texts, offi-
cial documents, information from NGOs and social communications media.
Although the juridical and political motto continues being to support social reha-
bilitation of those who are deprived of freedom, continuous protests about prison
conditions together with successive reforms have worsened the penal system; this
ideal is projected in an imaginary space far removed from reality.
Key words:Formal speech, penitentiary system, social reintegration, prison reality.
1. Introducción
Para la sociedad, la cárcel y la pena son estrictamente necesarias, pues
en la construcción de los sistemas ideológicos y de poder, el lenguaje y el
discurso han enraizado la necesidad de la cárcel como mecanismo de co-
rrección. Ricoeur (1995) introduce el concepto de discurso como una abs-
tracción temporal, integrada por la unidad dialéctica del acontecimiento y
el sentido, en el que el error y la verdad se presentan como afecciones de
su estructura. En este sentido, el autor del mensaje se convierte en un ha-
blante en el contexto comunicacional –verbal o escrito– dirigido a una uni-
versalidad de oyentes para la significación y comprensión del mundo.
No obstante, la emisión de un “logos” descontextualizado del medio
social en el que se produce, desencadena el quiebre de los vínculos del sig-
nificado del lenguaje con otras manifestaciones engendradas en el proceso
social, ocasionándose un aislamiento del mensaje y consecuentemente de la
coherencia y unicidad de su sentido.
En este contexto, en el discurso formal penitenciario pareciere pro-
ducirse una ruptura en la relación entre el hablante y el mensaje y entre
éste y el oyente, existiendo una disociación entre la escritura y la lectura
que se evidencia en la realidad carcelaria.
María Alejandra Añez Castillo
20Frónesis Vol. 22, No. 1 (2015) 19 - 39

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