La neurociencia
| Pages | 19-32 |
| Author | María Luisa Tosta |
19
A) NOCIONES ELEMENTALES PARA NO
ESPECIALISTAS
La Neurociencia, en términos muy sencillos para los
no especialistas, estudia la estructura y funcinamiento del
sistema nervioso. La preocupación por conocer esta parte del
ser humano es muy antigua. Las trepanaciones del cráneo se
estima que se practicaban en la prehistoria, hace como ocho
mil años, y los escritos de Hipócrates, del siglo V antes de
Cristo, hablan del cerebro como el origen de alegrías, tristezas,
conocimiento, noción de lo justo, de lo bueno y lo deshonesto.
Descartes, en el siglo XVII, ya hace referencias a la glándula
pineal y en el siglo XVIII se sabe que del cerebro dependen
sensaciones, movimientos y pensamientos, que el cerebro se
comunica con el resto del cuerpo por los nervios, que tiene
partes que pueden diferenciarse, que probablemente lleven a
cabo funciones diferentes, y que el cerebro sigue las leyes de
la naturaleza.
En el siglo XIX ya se realizan experimentos de estimulación
eléctrica y se descubre que el cerebro produce electricidad. Se
identican funciones cerebrales en distintas partes del cerebro
y se observan las neuronas. Ya hoy se estudia el cerebro
desde el nivel más elemental, el molecular, sus interacciones
a través de los circuitos neuronales y la función de estos
sistemas para predecir conductas y conocimiento. Del cerebro
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