Pamuk y Andric: dos novelas contrastantes, una visión común
I Cuando emprendemos la lectura de una novela, hay siempre una búsqueda no de clarada en la indagación del texto. En la novela, de un modo semejante al que apreciamos en una obra sinfónica o coral, hay una exposición del tema, el desarrollo y las variaciones, para formar un texto polifónico: una sucesión simultánea de voces distintas con aparente independencia, pero que constituyen la unidad de lo expuesto.Hay polifonía en la novela.Desde su inicio argumental abre brechas y trata de evadirse de la linealidad única. El Quijote tiene una aparente li nealidad en el relato del personaje, pero en cada trecho de su andar vamos conociendo otros personajes que multiplican la historia. Pienso que se da aquí la polifonía que caracteriza una obra musical.Es necesario que en la novela se presente un contrapunto: en la indivisibilidad del conjunto y la igualdad y correspondencia de cada tiempo y espacio.Lo que aparece a primera vista a la comprensión del lector es el argumento o tema de la narración, pero me pregunto si es eso lo que lo atrapa en la lectura.II Dos novelas distintas en estructura y contenido servirán para desarrollar estas ideas sobre el tema: Nieve, de Orhan Pamuk, y Un puente so bre el Drina, de Ivo Andric.Nieve es una fábula sobre el conflictivo presente turco, dividido entre los ataturquistas fórmula turca de inserción en la modernidad: una Turquía secular y los integristas absolutistas musulmanes. Para ello limita el tema y espacio de la novela, y acota su objeto. El mural que compone nos presenta un solo pueblo Kars, en la frontera con Armenia, y del pueblo, sus habitantes más tópicos: el islamista radical, el ilustrado insatisfecho, el demócrata moderado, alguna mujer insumisa y varios jóvenes musulmanes.Un poeta y periodista de nombre Ka, regresa a su ciudad de origen: Kars. El móvil del protagonista es otro: encontrarse con la bella Ipek, a quien conoció en su pasado de estudiante, casarse y volver con ella a Frankfurt. Trae también otro objetivo: investigar las causas del suicidio de las jóvenes musulmanas obligadas a quitarse el velo. Y aun así, oficialmente el propósito de su retorno es escribir una serie de artículos para un periódico de la capital La República, sobre las elecciones municipales en Kars que por boca de urna ganarían los islamistas. Se aprecia una polifonía ideológica: un mismo suceso es visto de distinto modo de acuerdo con cada personaje.Irrumpe en Kars una revo lución teatral, durante los tres días que dura...
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